The impact of exercise on women who suffer from depression

Table of Contents Introduction History of the problem Current status Managing depression Other ways of managing it Conclusion and recommendation References Introduction Depression is viewed as a psychological reaction to environmental pressure. People from different ethnic groups, age, and social status are all vulnerable to depression. However, in all these categories, studies show that women are more vulnerable to depression than men (Beck Alford, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The impact of exercise on women who suffer from depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The causes of depression in women are associated with their roles. The more kids they have and the younger they are, the greater the chances of being depressed. Women have close to double the life occurrence of depressive conditions of men. Almost all of this increased vulnerability to depression takes place during the childb irth years, from menarche to menopause. Various factors, both psychosocial and biological, may play a role in these contrasting rates of depression (Friedman Anderson, 2010). As high levels of depression in women depend on ovarian function, estrogen has been observed to be the cause of depression in women, and is, thus, a possible agent for the management of depression. History of the problem The sex-role theory of female depression states that women are more depressed compared to men because of much stress and discrimination they face in everyday life. The gender difference issue is usually the beginning of severe depression in women. Moreover, married women are more likely to be depressed compared to single ladies. First, depression influence marital steadiness in a different way for women than for men. Second, although gender inequality is not viewed in the recurrence of severe depression, the environmental conditions associated with reoccurrence are different for women compared with men. For instance, economic strains are more depressing for men than women whereas family issues are more depressing for women than for men. These examples show a strong link between gender and depression between married and unmarried people (Simonds, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies done have shown that there are a number of risk factors associated with depression. They include family history, childhood experiences, personality issues, and exposure to depressing life circumstances (Srigley, 2010). For example, families with a history of nervousness or alcoholism have anticipated depression episodes. Current status For many years, women have been most susceptible to depression, the world’s number one mental health issue. Many women are poor and oppressed, thus, their chances of being depressed are high. Throughout the globe today, women are twice l ikely to encounter depression compared to men (Beck Alford, 2009). According to local and international research, serious depression is not only rising, but it appears to start earlier for each following generation. In the course of life, many people have at least one depression experience, with much of the threat being among women. In the United States, it has been observed that one out of seven women would be admitted to the hospitals for depression. Today, their risk has risen. A greater proportion of women today than ever before are contributing in the labor force in addition to their home chores. This has resulted to more depressed women, because of the pressure of both work and family. Many women claim that job stress is their leading problem (Friedman Anderson, 2010). Financial stability, job fulfillment, work disputes, and family relations all contribute to depression especially in the present world. Some women go through sexual harassment in their place of work. Sexual in justice has been linked to physical and emotional problems, including depression. Women are regularly exposed to other forms of sex discrimination, like gender inequality. This may comprise working in a male dominated field that does not permit the needs of parenting, and fails to promote women because of their home roles. These actions hinder women’s opportunities for promotion to higher levels, which may result to disappointment, fury, misery, and low self-worth (Andrews, 2010).The pressures of work combine with gender discrimination resulting to depression.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The impact of exercise on women who suffer from depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managing depression Although exercise is not likely to be a healer of serious depression, there is proof to support that exercise may play a significant role in reducing stress and improving mood (Hart Weber, 2007). S tudies reveal that those who exercise often have lower occurrences of depression and anxiety compared to those who rarely exercise. For older women with mild to moderate depression, habitual aerobic exercise is a helpful medication for the management of depression. Exercise has immediate physiological impacts to the brain. When a person exercises, the body produces endorphins and other hormones that may have a soothing impact. Exercises help in adjusting levels of specific neurotransmitters, which contain mood-improving results (Lafrance, 2009). Exercise is also a disruption from the pressure and tension of everyday life, and feeling healthy and looking fine may also enhance one’s self-esteem and self-belief. Moreover, exercise enhances the quality of sleep and enables one feel properly rested and more active. Exercise may not be a substitute for normal treatments but it indeed can be combined with other methods for curing depression and can have lasting impacts on the emotio nal and physical health of a person (Nonacs, 2006). Women should participate in half an hour or more of reasonable exercise in at least five days in a week. For pregnant women, they should discuss their exercise schedule with their doctor, because certain form of exercise may pose danger to the pregnancy. Other ways of managing it The relationship women have with other people is very significant in treating depression. Not only do these crucial social relations help one deal with the needs of daily life, but having these relations is also beneficial for both emotional and physical wellbeing.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They enhance the immune system and lower the levels of stress-linked hormones (Srigley, 2010). Feeling related with others also encourages one to live a better and full life. It has been observed that people with good social networks live for many years, better and more contented lives. On the other hand, studies have shown that women who feel isolated from their families and friends are more likely to get depressed (Simonds, 2006). Getting enough support appears to be very crucial for women especially those with children. Without the support of others, a woman feels insufficient and weak in her abilities, and when she encounters a stressful experience, it is even difficult for her to handle. Therefore, in order for a woman to manage or treat depression she should ask support from others. Women need the support of others, although we stay in a world that is independent and self-reliant. The support and company of others is very beneficial during a depression period. There are things women can do to treat depression. For instance, many women get reassurance from reading and educating themselves about their challenges. Today there are various books and other articles dedicated to the issues of depression. These books are a significant source of knowledge and may help women deal with their problems. Many women who feel depressed, feel lonely, a good book can help to overcome this feeling of loneliness (Nonacs, 2006). Understanding that other women go through the same tough experiences may make depressed women feel less embarrassed of their problems. It makes a woman feel more at ease when expressing their feelings and may encourage them to look for support from others. For many women, looking for professional treatment may be a big issue. However, it is important for women to consider professional who knows and understands matters to do with depression. Women go through psychotherapy, which is one of the most successful treatments (Keyes Goodman, 2006). For preg nant women or breast-feeding mothers, this is especially a good treatment option for them. Research has indicated that therapy is as effective as medication for treating depression. In addition, it appears that the most remarkable and lasting results are got when a combination of medicine and therapy is applied. Conclusion and recommendation Symptoms of depression and the identification of depression are more common in women. Studies have revealed that women are twice likely to be depressed compared to men, if placed in the same situation. There are many factors that cause depression in women, ranging from biological factors such as the working of hormones to social factors like gender discrimination (Chew-Graham, Baldwin Burns, 2008). Depression is a disorder that has negative consequences to the victim. Therefore, it is important for proper treatment to be done to depressed women. Various methods can be used to treat depression, for example, exercising regularly, socializing with friends and family, joining support groups, or getting medical help from professionals (Andrews, 2010). In the modern world, where women choose careers thought to be for only men, they should be supported, encouraged, and given opportunities for promotion. This will enhance the self-esteem of women and therefore, cases of depression are likely to reduce. References Andrews, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Depression, Volume 1. California: ABC.CLIO, LLC. Beck A., Alford B. (2009). Depression: causes and treatments. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Chew-Graham C., Baldwin R., Burns A. (2008). Integrated Management of Depression in the Elderly. New York: Cambridge University Press. Friedman E., Anderson I. (2010). Managing Depression in Clinical Practice. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited. Hart A., Weber C. (2007). A Woman’s Guide to Overcoming Depression. USA: Baker Publishing Group. Keyes C., Goodman S. (2006). Women and depression: a handbook for the social, be havioral, and biomedical Sciences. USA: Cambridge University Press. Lafrance, M. (2009). Women and depression: recovery and resistance. USA: Routledge. Nonacs, R. (2006). A Deeper Shade of Blue: A Woman’s Guide to Recognizing and Treating Depression. New York: Simon Schuster, Inc. Simonds, S. (2006). Depression and Women: An Integrative Treatment Approach. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Srigley, K. (2010). Breadwinning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression- Era. Canada: University of Toronto Press. This research paper on The impact of exercise on women who suffer from depression was written and submitted by user Juliana P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on God And My Dad

. "I have to lead my life in faith, without seeing Him" 2 Cor. v. 7 And Hab. 2 v. 3 "Though it tarry, wait for it" For a time we are conscious of God's attentions, then, when God begins to use us in His enterprises, we take on a pathetic look and talk of the trails and the difficulties, and all the time God is trying to make us do our duty as obscure people. None of us would be obscure spiritually if we could help it. Can we do our duty as obscure people. Can we do our duty when God has shut up heaven? Some of us always want to be illuminated saints with golden haloes and the flush of inspiration, and to have the saints of God dealing with us all the time. A gilt-edged saint is no good, he is abnormal, unfit for daily life, and altogether unlike God. We are here as men and women, Not as half-fledged angels, To do the work of the world, and to do it with an infinitely greater power to stand the turmoil because we have been born from above. Though it tarry, Patience is not indifference: patience conveys the ides of an immensely strong rock withstanding all onslaughts. The vision of God is the source of patience, because it imparts a moral inspiration. Daniel endured, not because he had a vision of God. He â€Å"endured, as seeing Him Who is invisible.† A man with the vision of God in not devoted to a cause or to any particular issue: he is devoted to God Himself. You always know when the vision is of God because of the inspiration that comes with it: Things come with largeness and tonic to the life because everything is energized by God. If God gives you a time spiritually, as He gave his Son actually, of temptation in the wilderness, with no word from Himself at all, endure, and the power to endure is there because you see God. If we try to re-introduce the rare moments of inspiration, it is a sign that it is not God we want. We are making a fetish of the moments when God ... Free Essays on God And My Dad Free Essays on God And My Dad When I reflect on Chapters 1 & 2 I think of Pauls words. "I have to lead my life in faith, without seeing Him" 2 Cor. v. 7 And Hab. 2 v. 3 "Though it tarry, wait for it" For a time we are conscious of God's attentions, then, when God begins to use us in His enterprises, we take on a pathetic look and talk of the trails and the difficulties, and all the time God is trying to make us do our duty as obscure people. None of us would be obscure spiritually if we could help it. Can we do our duty as obscure people. Can we do our duty when God has shut up heaven? Some of us always want to be illuminated saints with golden haloes and the flush of inspiration, and to have the saints of God dealing with us all the time. A gilt-edged saint is no good, he is abnormal, unfit for daily life, and altogether unlike God. We are here as men and women, Not as half-fledged angels, To do the work of the world, and to do it with an infinitely greater power to stand the turmoil because we have been born from above. Though it tarry, Patience is not indifference: patience conveys the ides of an immensely strong rock withstanding all onslaughts. The vision of God is the source of patience, because it imparts a moral inspiration. Daniel endured, not because he had a vision of God. He â€Å"endured, as seeing Him Who is invisible.† A man with the vision of God in not devoted to a cause or to any particular issue: he is devoted to God Himself. You always know when the vision is of God because of the inspiration that comes with it: Things come with largeness and tonic to the life because everything is energized by God. If God gives you a time spiritually, as He gave his Son actually, of temptation in the wilderness, with no word from Himself at all, endure, and the power to endure is there because you see God. If we try to re-introduce the rare moments of inspiration, it is a sign that it is not God we want. We are making a fetish of the moments when God ...

How To Make a Prototype

How To Make a Prototype Before 1880, every inventor had to present a working model or prototype of his or her invention to the patent office as part of the patent application. You do not have to submit a prototype anymore, however, prototypes are great for several reasons. Legally a prototype proves what is called a reduction to practice. The United States used to hold the  first to invent rule, granting a patent to the first inventor who conceives and reduces the technology or invention to practice, for example, a working prototype or a well-written description. Today the United States follows the first to patent rule. However, a prototype is invaluable for business dealings if your invention is still at that stage of funding. Do not underestimate the power of having one.You can include photos of your prototype in your inventors log book.A prototype helps you figure out any design flaws your invention has and if it really works.It can help you make sure your invention is the right size, shape, and form.A prototype helps you sell or license an invention. You can use it during demonstrations.Making one can prepare you to write your patent application and make your patent drawings. How to Make a Prototype Some of the steps listed below apply in different ways to different types of inventions, for example, a simple wooden toy vs a complex electronic device. Use your common sense to apply the steps in ways that make sense to your individual case. Make a drawing(s) of your invention. If available use the descriptions or drawing from your inventors log book. Keep all the sketches in your logbook.If you know how you might want to make a CAD drawing of your invention. Simple CAD (computer-aided design) programs exist that you might be able to use yourself.Make a non-working model of your invention out of foam, wood, metal, paper, cardboard. This will test your inventions size and form.Make or plan how to make a working model of your invention. Depending on your invention, you might be casting in metal or plastic. Write down all the materials, supplies and tools you may need and identify the steps needed to assemble your prototype. You might need simple to complex engineering drawings for any electronics. At this stage, you might want to pick up a book or kit on prototyping. You might need to contact professional for quotes on what any work you need to be done will cost.You have to figure out how much a working prototype will cost to make. Remember one copy might be very expensive to make. Mass production brings down the cost per unit. If you can make your own prototype and you can afford it, do it. Do your research on the latest methods and alternatives. For example, plastic injection molds are expensive, however, a method of CAD called Rapid Prototyping is an alternative.Depending on your invention, your prototype might be very expensive to make. If that is the case you might want to produce a virtual prototype. Today, computer programs can simulate an invention in 3D and can test that an invention does work. Virtual prototypes can be made by a professional and they cost a thousand or more. They can make you a video or CD animation of your invention working.You may have to create a real working model of your invention if perhaps a buyer or licensee demands one.You may have to hire a professional prototyper, engineer or designer at some point in this process. Our Prototyping Resources includes directories of professionals. Before Hiring a Prototype Maker Discuss your project thoroughly. Make sure that you can communicate well to this person.In advance, agree on fees for the entire project. Prototype makers can charge very high fees by the hour.Tell them exactly what you want to include with as many details as possible. Include your drawings and possibly your virtual prototype files.Make sure anyone you talk to signs a nondisclosure agreement with you before you publicly disclose your invention.

Benchmarking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Benchmarking - Assignment Example The intention of this study is benchmarking as an improvement process which is mainly used to discover as well as incorporate the best practices in operation. It is the most preferred process which understands and identifies the elements of world class performance in work process. There are four processes in benchmarking which includes planning, analysis, action and review. There are three different types of benchmarking which includes internal, external and best practice. About 70% of the fortune 500 companies goes for benchmarking companies like Ford Motor Company had benchmarked its function of account payable against Mazda Motor. Studies have shown that top management usually does not support the benchmarking. Mangers should not be discouraged from the process of benchmarking. It provides managers to know their goals through the data. According to Betts, there are people who perceive that their individual performance is better than actually it is which is also termed as the Lake Wobegon effect. Betts have conducted a research to seek if these phenomena are also present when the employees are asked to give their views on the performance of the organization. Overestimation of performance is common in organization as well as in individuals. Individuals rate themselves better than they actually are projected with the help of an example. Around 87% of MBA students at Stanford rate their performance to be at top in comparison with their peers, about 90% of the students believed that were above average and only 10% thought they were below average. Similar is with organizations. Thus benchmarking is important in order to escape from the Lake Wobegon effect as the consequences of this performance may not result to be effective for organizations or mangers. According to Alfred North Whitehead, it is not ignorance but ignorance of ignorance which leads to the death of knowledge. The performers who are below the average and are ignorant of the fact that they are poorer performer usually are not motivated to improve (Betts, Croom & Lu, 2011, p.734). Lake Wobegon effect or benchmarking revolves around perverse dynamic. The mangers believe that they are above average performers. But in reality not all mangers are above average neither does all of them deserve to get a performance bonus. Therefore establishing an appropriate peer group and benchmarking is the only option to establish a competitive edge over the competitors (Lipman & Hall, 2008, p.33). Therefore it has been proved that overestimation of performance is common in organizations and individuals. As per a survey conducted by Betts, it has been proved that overestimation of performance is common as 75 % of the employees reported above average performance, 20 of them reported average performance and only about 5% reported to be below average performance. The people are bad at understanding the average performance basically when they are to evaluate the performance of organization in which th ey work. Therefore the consequence of over estimating is likely to bring about a change and so a greater effort should be put on benchmarking performance and also in spreading awareness in respect to benchmarked to the organization (Betts, Croom & Lu, 2011, p.740). Thus creating a need for change is must in the organization but as seen the management decision of benchmarking usually creates a resistance in the employees. Change is an important aspect and should be done on regular intervals. Manager’s use benchmarking to compare the performance of employees on some given dimension in comparison with other organizations performance so that it can be decided how successful the change has been. For example, when Xerox was

Economy through US History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economy through US History - Essay Example In fact, in such economies the country’s economic activities depend entirely on the decisions made by the government. For market economies, the supply and demand curves determine the shape that markets will take. Analysts that advocate for market economies argue that market economies are the best for thriving of successful economies. Market economies also work on the assumption that the government does not contribute to well being of the common citizen. It is the responsibility of the citizens to fix prices for their goods, subsidize industries, as well as authorize quotas. Though majority of the countries are characterized by mixed economies, it is evident that citizens have always advocated for a chance to regulate their own economies. In as much, market economies are considered the best in the global world, debates keep raging on how much the government has to do in order to have well-organized economic operations. Over the years, Americans have been on toes in an attempt t o attain a balance between government regulation of the economy and the individuals to make their own economic decisions. This essay shall trace the events and measures that took shape in America to the point whereby individuals were able to make their own economic decisions. In the primordial years, American history was characterized by less involvement of the government in business sectors, especially the private sector. The transportation sector is one of the major economic sectors that did not enjoy less government intervention. This phase of the economy was referred to as the laissez faire phase. Kuttner (220) argues that laissez faire traces its roots to the 18th century, a move that strongly resisted intervention of the government in businesses. This phase worked on the assumption of ‘let it be’, with championing of proper wages and duties for workers. At this time, it was generally accepted that the government had no role to play in restrictions on trade. The go vernment’s role was to ensure that regulations and rules were maintained in the business environment. By 19th century, the notion of laissez faire began transforming. This phase was characterized by small entrepreneurs’ business owners seeking for government interventions in their businesses. As time progressed, majority of these business owners, labor unions and firms were in a dire need for government representation. This move came up as a result of rising rate of uncertainties by the business owners on the movements that were supposedly out for their aid. Kuttner (101) argues that it is at this point that this group of progressives needed support by the government, in terms of business regulation, for free and fair markets. By 1930, the advent of the New Deal was taking shape in America. This phase was characterized by government intervention in the market economies. It was due to public demand that the government had to take control of its business sector, lest a n ew form of rule take over the entire system. It was during this stage that the state was going through massive economic disruptions and destructions that led to the need for immediate action to alleviate the crisis. The state was experiencing what was to be termed as the Great Depression. Murray (76) argues that, at this time the economic state of America was totally dislocated

Nonverbal Communication A Universal Language English Language Essay

Nonverbal Communication A Universal Language English Language Essay Nonverbal communication is the way we talk, without talking, and whether it is realized or not, every human being in the world speaks this language. Non-verbal communication is an accent to the verbal part of language, and can be done in various ways. Although every person in the world expresses him/herself with nonverbal communication, it does not mean every person in the world speaks the same language. This paper will focus on several aspects of nonverbal communication that can be found throughout the world, and comparing those looks, gestures, body positioning and appearances with those typically found in North American. Appearance As previously mentioned, nonverbal communication is typically thought of as how an individual may look at others or gesture with their body, but generally speaking, the first form of non-verbal communication being projected, and subsequently translated, is that of an individuals overall appearance. Deciphering an individuals wardrobe is typically based upon previous experiences with individuals who have been dressed in a similar fashion. For example, while walking through a mall, one encounters a tall, lanky, high school teenage boy. His hair is black and brushed across his eyes. His complexion is pale, he is wearing very dark, baggy clothes in addition to dark eyeliner and heavy, metal face jewelry. Based upon someones previous experiences with this type of individual, they may immediately translate his appearance to mean, keep away from me; I dont want to talk with anyone and I am not your friend. However, another individual may have had different experiences with individuals dressed in this manner, and may be deciphering the non-verbal communication as, Im confused à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I dont know where I am going à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I need help. A persons previous experiences, may either cause an individual to avoid the teenager by either ducking into a random store or walk past quickly, while directing their to the floor, or contrariwise, look at the boy and smile, offering silent encouragement. It is unknown at this point whether or not this is an individual to be avoided or someone to be helped. Therefore, past experiences can have an impact on how one may perceive others, simply based upon how they are dressed. Understanding the different opinions that can arise from such a simple example as the boy in the mall, one might ask, Should we judge a book by its cover? The young man may actually have modified his appearance because he felt it made him look more attractive. He may have watched the Twilight movie series and felt this to be the way he should dress in order to attract the opposite sex. If this is the case, then we can expect to find similar appearance-altering practices in other cultures. Appearance-Altering Cultures As with the young man in the mall, there are many examples of appearance-altering behaviors in other cultures that may seem unusual or even bizarre to those in the United States (U.S.). Like the U.S., the appearance alterations performed within other cultures may be perceived as beautiful and possibly an indication of social status. A good example is that of foot binding in China, also known as Lotus Feet. Foot binding has been done for thousands of years in China, thought to be a means of keeping women from abandoning husbands and family. Binding begins with a baby girl, conforming her foot muscles and bones to be able to fit in very tiny shoes. Though the feet may appear small and delicate, the womans ability to walk is greatly inhibited and leads to medical complications later in life. This practice is still done in some parts of China today, and is thought to depict wealth and a delicate demeanor. Other examples of beauty include the Mangbettu women of Africa who have their heads very tightly wrapped during childhood, thereby elongating the skull; the Mayans who would strap boards on each side of childrens heads so that their skulls would be flattened; and finally, the Burmese women, whom put one-inch thick rings around their necks to make them longer. Based upon preconceived notions, cultural norms and possibly ignorance, it can be easy for individuals to misunderstand the non-verbal communication of appearance. It may not always be easy for people to remember that what may be foreign to those in the U.S. is another cultures normal. Gestures Almost everyone knows the story of President George H. W. Bush in Australia, in which he intended to make what is known as the peace sign in the U.S., toward people gathered to protest his visit. Unfortunately, he made the gesture the wrong way causing great furor in the Australian tabloids. Now this case was a simple mistake, but none-the-less a mistake. Gestures are not something to be taken lightly; the wrong signal at the wrong time, directed toward individuals of a different culture, could get you into some big trouble in a handful of countries. Gestures are the accent to verbal communication. Due to the fact that one wrong gesture could hurt you, I will give various examples of gestures from different cultures. I will describe their action and then their meaning compared to North American translation. In Ethiopia there are two gestures for silence. A woman will put one finger to her mouth when directing silence to a child, but will put four fingers to her mouth when directing silence to an adult. Four fingers are used towards adults because one finger is disrespectful. Another one-finger act is that of tapping the forefinger to the side of the nose. In some cultures, it signals secrecy or confidentiality. But in the United Kingdom, Holland, and Austria, if the tap is on the front of the nose it quite frankly means, Mind your own business. The OK gesture, it means okay right? In America and England, yes, but, in Japan it means money. In Latin American and France it is an insult, most commonly known as flipping the bird. In Australia it means Zero, and in Germany it may mean either a job well done or, an offensive insult, depending on which region you visit. In Turkey, if someone directs the OK sign at you, they are referring to you as a homosexual! The next gesture is one that is relatively familiar, the V for victory sign. In the U.S., the victory symbol was expressed by raising the index and middle finger in the form of V and bending the third and fourth finger to touch the tip of the thumb. This symbol was popularized by Richard Nixon in America. The V sign is considered rude in Italy and if you are showing the outside of your hand, then it is a form insult, which is established in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand (Sengupta 2010). To beckon someone, is to signal them to come towards you. In America the beckoning signal is the palm up with all of the fingers together except the index finger. You then begin to make a curling motion with your index finger towards you. In China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and in the Philippines, that particular motion is used only for animals. In these countries, the beckoning signal is placing your palm downward and curls the fingers in a scratching motion towards your body. The crossed-finger gesture, (good luck in America) has several other meanings. In Turkey when the crossed fingers are directed to an individual it is the breaking of a friendship. In other cultures it is used to seal/swear an oath to someone. Each of these gestures we recognize and fully understand the gain, and consequences of their actions. But what we have learned is that little, to none of our gestures meant the same in any other cultures. Conclusion Nonverbal communication can be a tricky language to decipher. It is expressed in the way a person appears (dresses) and various body gestures. How this nonverbal communication is interpreted is generally based upon an individuals past experiences and cultural norms. Therefore, it is good advice for anyone seeking to make their livelihood as a communicator in a global marketplace, that they not only understand the nonverbal communication nuances of their own culture, but to educate themselves in the nonverbal forms of communication of other cultures.

Annotated King Lear Essay

In this article Neville’s key ideas are focused on the aspect of fathering. He makes connections between the fathering patterns of Lear, Gloucester and Cornwall. He starts with describing Regan’s reasoning for Edgars ‘recent behavior’. She states that his behavior is at the fault of King Lear’s 100 knights. â€Å"Was he not companion with the riotous knights that tend upon my father?†(2.1.94-95), which quickly becomes clear to everyone else that she does have a point, yet she is really just trying to rid Lear of his knights by placing the blame on them. Newman then shifts the focus to Cornwall who then realizes Edmund’s ‘loyalty’ to his father and almost immediately accepts him into their family, showing Cornwall’s foolishness by just accepting Edmund’s story without checking the verity of it. Newman suggests that â€Å"it is, perhaps his own lack of a son that blinds him to Edmund’s duplicity and leads him to, in effect, acclaim Edmund as his stepson.† (Newman, 191). Newman then brings up the irony in Cornwall adopting Edmund into his family. Edmund wanted to change the way society views bastards, that is why he came up with the plan to frame Edgar in the first place, and by having been accepted into a family by a member of this exact society, Edmund has achieved his goal. He then starts to make connections between the characters. Newman brings up the fact that Cornwall’s relationship with Edmund â€Å"†¦causes us to contrast his willingness to assume the told of father with the overall ineptitude of Lear and Gloucester as father figures.†(Newman, 192). He then brings up another connection between Lear’s concerns to recognize his daughter’s rights to his kingdom and Gloucester’s non-concern with his illegitimate son Edmund. He points out that Edmund was away for nine years therefor not being in contact with Gloucester nor Edgar for such a long period of time and yet Gloucester fully believes his story about Edgar. Newman says that this little knowledge of his family makes him a bad father and this â€Å"paternal failure parallels Lear’s† (Newman, 193). His closing paragraph states that the fact that both Cornwall’s and Gloucester’s eventual willingness to accept Edmund supports their parental ineptitude, which is a feature both men share with Lear. Adams, Robert P. â€Å"King Lear’s Revenges.† Modern Language Quarterly 21.3 (1960): 223. Literary Reference Center. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Robert P. Adams â€Å"King Lear’s Revenges.† In Adams article he discusses King Lear’s revenges, focusing mostly on Lear’s revenge speech right before he heads out into a storm: I will have such revenges on you both That all the world shall—I will do such things— What they are yet I know not, but they shall be The terrors of the earth. (II.iv.281-84) He includes different personal views of King Lear from many different editors and authors; ranging in centuries from 1880 to 1950’s giving the reader a fascinating variety of different outlooks on Lear. He includes good and bad varieties as well, so it is not bias, such as the â€Å"Lear so confident in the ‘justice of his cause’ that he ‘need hardly formulate his plea’† (Adams, 223) view given from Chambers, a â€Å"Lear at the play’s outset ‘moved by injured self-esteem to anger which demands revenge’†(Adams, 223) reasoning giving by Campbell and Knights very different view of Lear, a more ridiculous Lear to which he wondered â€Å"’What could be more painfully incongruous, spoken†¦by an old man, a King, to his daughter? It is not far from the ridiculous.’† (Adams 223). Many other editors/authors that Adams refers to can relate to Knights view of Lear such as Leech, Hielman and Danby. Adams also includes Goneril’s view of her father as â€Å"Old fools are babes again†(I,iii.19). Adams states that â€Å"The view of Lear as impotent, absurd, even comic is most readily arrived at by those to tend (as do perhaps a majority of contemporary critics) to accept some version of Goneril’s Lear† (Adams, 224). Adams concludes that he does not agree with Knights statement that â€Å"Lear’s revenges provide us with a purgatory†(Adams 227) and sees Lear as a â€Å"great and heroic figure† (Adams,227). He also says that though Lear’s suffering he is â€Å"enabled in the end once again to accept and return the love he had earlier† (Adams, 227). Adams concludes that Lear’s revenges are to suffer and gain insight, â€Å"most of all into the nature of love as opposed to self-love.†(Adams 227). Reflection These two articles helped me understand and interpret many things about the play. In Newman’s article he made connections between the parenting patterns of three characters Cornwall, King Lear and Gloucester. I related to the connection Newman made between Lear’s concern with his daughters’ rights to the kingdom and how Gloucester spent his life denying and being embarrassed of his illegitimate son Edmund. Yet, the most enjoyable point in the article to me was when Newman pointed out the irony in the fact that both Cornwall and Gloucester finally accept Edmund. Cornwall didn’t accept him because he was a bastard and was frowned upon by society and Gloucester was embarrassed of his son. This showed me that this was not just a nice gesture by either man, which I had previously thought, yet really it was just an example of their gullibility and their lack of parenting skills. It showed me how both men were actually very stupid in making this decision because neither of them checked in his accusations about Edgar so see if they were even true. Newman also brings Lear into this, saying that the actions of Cornwall and Gloucester are parallel to those of Lear in the topic of fathering. These connections really made me see how each man failed in their own way to be good parents, and also how their parenting techniques were similar as well. Newman also wrote about the â€Å"satisfaction then, in seeing Cornwall, a representative of that section of society that has been concerned to exclude Edmund, willingly adsorb him and simultaneous hasten his own destruction.† (Newman, 192). This was one of my favourite lines in the article because I appreciate irony in literature, and I never fully saw the fact that Cornwall was a member of the same society that wanted bastards,like Edmund,to be gone. Yet he adopted him as a step son in only a few minutes. In Adams article I very much enjoyed all the different views of King Lear and his revenges; he added views of different people, and it was not just a long article about just his view of King Lear. This gave me many different insights of King Lear as a character. I affiliated with Campbell’s reasoning for King Lear’s revenge, that it was his injured self-esteem that caused him to seek revenge. I already had an idea like this because of how self-obsessed Lear is, yet I thought it was just out of pure anger for the way his daughters’ were acting, not because of an injured ego. I also never considered Danby’s reasoning/view of King Lear. He says that Lear returns to the first-scene mood where he â€Å"took himself to be God the rewarder of merits. Now he will be God the avenger of iniquities.† (Adams, 224). I genuinely like this reasoning and relish the way he said it because it almost makes you feel the same way Lear is feeling when he vows to take revenge on his daughters’. It is a very powerful and reasonable retaliation against his daughters’ that makes me think of him as a God in a way: I have given, and I will shall take away! In conclusion these two articles have helped me see three main characters in many different aspects and have helped me define and develop each character in my own personal way.